Le sens de l’existence chez Jean-Paul Sartre. Une analyse de l’existentialisme est un humanisme

Abstract

This research work focuses on the epistemological reliability of the modalities of self-determination of Man in Sartre. In order to access the intelligibility of this problem in order to resolve it in a relevant way, the analytic-dialectical method was used. Thus, in the first part of our work, we issued an uncompromising critique of the pre-Sartrian theses of Man's Being-in-the-world, starting from Plato, Aristotle, Saint Thomas, who demonstrate that Man, beforehand, has a pre-established design. We also paused on the Sartrean conception of existence itself. This allowed us to note that, in Sartre, there is no human, dogmatic nature that determines Man's doing. In doing so, the requiem of the negation of God, of chance, of determinism, Sartre arrives at the conclusion that Man is this being who forges, following multiple efforts, his existence. This would mean that far from exhuming the theses on innateness or even ontological fatalism, Sartre would like to demonstrate that the becoming and the future of Man are nothing other than the result of a dynamism and a permanent process. In the second part of our work, we have shown that Sartre's existentialist philosophy comes up against aporias. Based on this observation, a meticulous critique has been developed. This critique aims to partially deconstruct this philosophy, by showing that existence is not contingent, which in turn deconstructs the idea of absolute human freedom as thought by Jean-Paul Sartre. Finally, in the third part, we demonstrated that the Sartrean conception of existence is a humanist philosophy. This is a humanism based on the dualism of responsibility and freedom. Man, this free and determined being, must therefore be the architect of his future.