Dasein heideggérien et pour-soi sartrien : analyse comparative de deux phénoménologies

Abstract

In this work, the comparative analysis of Heidegger's Dasein and Sartre's for-itself has allowed us to establish both the homology relationships and the conceptual differences that exist between the ontologies and phenomenologies of Martin Heidegger and of Jean-Paul Sartre. Indeed, in classical philosophy, the role of metaphysics in all knowledge has long been considered central. But around the 19th century, many philosophers like Auguste Comte, Friedrich Nietzsche and Karl Marx declared its inanity and demanded its overcoming. This overcoming, in the current situation of the world, is evidenced by the exponential influence of technosciences, the preponderance of biotechnologies and technomedicine which largely contribute to the disappearance of metaphysics. This is why the challenge of this thesis is to show the challenges of metaphysics in the 21st century and the interest in research in this area. Our work focuses precisely on phenomenology as it is, according to Husserl, “a new type of transcendental philosophy.”3 According to Heidegger, “Phenomenology is the way of accessing what ontology has as its theme.”4 To achieve this, we rely on Heideggerian Dasein and Sartrean for-itself, taking into account the fact that these are the only beings who have questioned the question of being. In other words, this research aims to answer the following questions: what kinds of relationships exist between Heideggerian Dasein and Sartrean for-itself in their mode of access to being ? Do they constitute the sole foundations of the quest for the meaning of being ? What is the place of phenomenology in the relationship to being ? To provide answers to these questions, we used the analytical and critical method. The latter consists not only of reading and analyzing the phenomenological theses of Heidegger and Sartre, but also of comparing said theses with those of other phenomenological approaches.